[InSovietRussiaORGASMGotU]

Because the students will complain that the tests are all too hard, and the parents will chime in. Eventually, the teachers will have to make tests easier.

Re-tests should only be done if you missed the test and have an actual excuse. Otherwise, you keep re-writing until you get a nice high mark even if you don't truly understand it and just memorize the methods of how to get the answer from seeing what you did wrong so many times.

Yes, readings then a test is a good set-up.

Responsibility is somewhat taught: you're responsible for your work. Hand it in on time for example, which in some areas, no longer is a concern. Other responsibilities is studying for the tests and writing them. There's no course needed for it because it's a component of all courses.